| [1] | Sun, Y. P. et al. Quantum-sized carbon dots for bright and colorful photoluminescence. Journal of the American Chemical Society 128, 7756-7757 (2006). doi: 10.1021/ja062677d |
| [2] | Kang, Z. H. & Lee, S. T. Carbon dots: advances in nanocarbon applications. Nanoscale 11, 19214-19224 (2019). doi: 10.1039/c9nr05647e |
| [3] | Li, S. et al. The development of carbon dots: from the perspective of materials chemistry. Materials Today 51, 188-207 (2021). doi: 10.1016/j.mattod.2021.07.028 |
| [4] | Siddique, A. B. et al. Amorphous carbon dots and their remarkable ability to detect 2, 4, 6-trinitrophenol. Scientific Reports 8, 9770 (2018). doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-28021-9 |
| [5] | Hola, K. et al. Photoluminescence effects of graphitic core size and surface functional groups in carbon dots: COO− induced red-shift emission. Carbon 70, 279-286 (2014). doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2014.01.008 |
| [6] | Barman, M. K. & Patra, A. Current status and prospects on chemical structure driven photoluminescence behaviour of carbon dots. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology C: Photochemistry Reviews 37, 1-22 (2018). doi: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2018.08.001 |
| [7] | Xie, A. Q. et al. Carbon dots promoted photonic crystal for optical information storage and sensing. Chemical Engineering Journal 415, 128950 (2021). doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2021.128950 |
| [8] | Zhang, Y. Q. & Lu, S. Y. Lasing of carbon dots: chemical design, mechanisms, and bright future. Chem 10, 134-171 (2024). doi: 10.1016/j.chempr.2023.09.020 |
| [9] | Li, X. M. et al. Carbon and graphene quantum dots for optoelectronic and energy devices: a review. Advanced Functional Materials 25, 4929-4947 (2015). doi: 10.1002/adfm.201501250 |
| [10] | Choi, H. et al. Versatile surface plasmon resonance of carbon-dot-supported silver nanoparticles in polymer optoelectronic devices. Nature Photonics 7, 732-738 (2013). doi: 10.1038/nphoton.2013.181 |
| [11] | Zhu, S. J. et al. Highly photoluminescent carbon dots for multicolor patterning, sensors, and bioimaging. Angewandte Chemie 125, 4045-4049 (2013). doi: 10.1002/ange.201300519 |
| [12] | Zhang, J. & Yu, S. H. Carbon dots: large-scale synthesis, sensing and bioimaging. Materials Today 19, 382-393 (2016). doi: 10.1016/j.mattod.2015.11.008 |
| [13] | Hola, K. et al. Carbon dots - emerging light emitters for bioimaging, cancer therapy and optoelectronics. Nano Today 9, 590-603 (2014). doi: 10.1016/j.nantod.2014.09.004 |
| [14] | Barhum, H. et al. In-brain multiphoton imaging of vaterite cargoes loaded with carbon dots. Nano Letters 24, 8232-8239 (2024). doi: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c00325 |
| [15] | Liu, H. X. et al. A review of carbon dots in synthesis strategy. Coordination Chemistry Reviews 498, 215468 (2024). doi: 10.1016/j.ccr.2023.215468 |
| [16] | Yu, H. J. et al. Smart utilization of carbon dots in semiconductor photocatalysis. Advanced Materials 28, 9454-9477 (2016). doi: 10.1002/adma.201602581 |
| [17] | Wang, B. Y. & Lu, S. Y. The light of carbon dots: from mechanism to applications. Matter 5, 110-149 (2022). doi: 10.1016/j.matt.2021.10.016 |
| [18] | Resch-Genger, U. et al. Quantum dots versus organic dyes as fluorescent labels. Nature Methods 5, 763-775 (2008). doi: 10.1038/nmeth.1248 |
| [19] | Liu, Y. H. et al. Advances in carbon dots: from the perspective of traditional quantum dots. Materials Chemistry Frontiers 4, 1586-1613 (2020). doi: 10.1039/d0qm00090f |
| [20] | Romero, M. R. & Bracamonte, A. G. Optical active meta-surfaces, -substrates, and single quantum dots based on tuning organic composites with graphene. Materials 17, 3242 (2024). doi: 10.3390/ma17133242 |
| [21] | Dai, C. J. et al. Switchable unidirectional emissions from hydrogel gratings with integrated carbon quantum dots. Nature Communications 15, 845 (2024). doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-45284-1 |
| [22] | Döring, A. , Ushakova, E. & Rogach, A. L. Chiral carbon dots: synthesis, optical properties, and emerging applications. Light: Science & Applications 11, 75 (2022). doi: 10.1038/s41377-022-00764-1 |
| [23] | Peng, X. G. et al. Shape control of CdSe nanocrystals. Nature 404, 59-61 (2000). doi: 10.1038/35003535 |
| [24] | Baker, S. N. & Baker, G. A. Luminescent carbon nanodots: emergent nanolights. Angewandte Chemie International Edition 49, 6726-6744 (2010). doi: 10.1002/anie.200906623 |
| [25] | Yan, F. Y. et al. The fluorescence mechanism of carbon dots, and methods for tuning their emission color: a review. Microchimica Acta 186, 583 (2019). doi: 10.1007/s00604-019-3688-y |
| [26] | Wang, Z. J. et al. Carbon dots based nanocomposite thin film for highly efficient luminescent solar concentrators. Organic Electronics 62, 284-289 (2018). doi: 10.1016/j.orgel.2018.08.020 |
| [27] | Zhang, Y. J. et al. Efficient and stable white fluorescent carbon dots and CD-based glass thin-films: via screen-printing technology for use in W-LEDs. RSC Advances 7, 49542-49547 (2017). doi: 10.1039/c7ra09924j |
| [28] | Kouloumpis, A. et al. Graphene/carbon dot hybrid thin films prepared by a modified Langmuir-Schaefer method. ACS Omega 2, 2090-2099 (2017). doi: 10.1021/acsomega.7b00107 |
| [29] | Li, Y., Li, S. & Zhang, K. S. Influence of hydrophilic carbon dots on polyamide thin film nanocomposite reverse osmosis membranes. Journal of Membrane Science 537, 42-53 (2017). doi: 10.1016/j.memsci.2017.05.026 |
| [30] | Han, Y. et al. Synthesis, optical properties and applications of red/near-infrared carbon dots. Journal of Materials Chemistry C 10, 11827-11847 (2022). doi: 10.1039/d2tc02044k |
| [31] | Mintz, K. J., Zhou, Y. Q. & Leblanc, R. M. Recent development of carbon quantum dots regarding their optical properties, photoluminescence mechanism, and core structure. Nanoscale 11, 4634-4652 (2019). doi: 10.1039/c8nr10059d |
| [32] | Liu, H. F. et al. Synthesis of luminescent carbon dots with ultrahigh quantum yield and inherent folate receptor-positive cancer cell targetability. Scientific Reports 8, 1086 (2018). doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-19373-3 |
| [33] | Noun, F., Manioudakis, J. & Naccache, R. Toward uniform optical properties of carbon dots. Particle & Particle Systems Characterization 37, 2000119 (2020). doi: 10.1002/ppsc.202000119 |
| [34] | Zakharov, V. V. et al. Hybrid photonic structures: gallium phosphide nanowires decorated with carbon dots for enhanced broadband emission. Advanced Optical Materials 12, 2303198 (2024). doi: 10.1002/adom.202303198 |
| [35] | Kapitonov, A. N. et al. Hydrothermal synthesis of carbon dots and their luminescence. AIP Conference Proceedings 2041, 030003 (2018). doi: 10.1063/1.5079363 |
| [36] | Zhang, Y. et al. Solvothermal synthesis of functionalized carbon dots from amino acid as an eco-friendly corrosion inhibitor for copper in sulfuric acid solution. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 604, 1-14 (2021). doi: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.07.034 |
| [37] | Wang, X. H. et al. Microwave assisted one-step green synthesis of cell-permeable multicolor photoluminescent carbon dots without surface passivation reagents. Journal of Materials Chemistry 21, 2445-2450 (2011). doi: 10.1039/c0jm02963g |
| [38] | De Medeiros, T. V. et al. Microwave-assisted synthesis of carbon dots and their applications. Journal of Materials Chemistry C 7, 7175-7195 (2019). doi: 10.1039/c9tc01640f |
| [39] | Ortega-Liebana, M. C. et al. Uniform luminescent carbon nanodots prepared by rapid pyrolysis of organic precursors confined within nanoporous templating structures. Carbon 117, 437-446 (2017). doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2017.03.017 |
| [40] | Yu, T. Q. et al. Exploiting carbon quantum dots synthesized by electrochemical exfoliation for flexible resistance switching. ACS Materials Letters 6, 793-800 (2024). doi: 10.1021/acsmaterialslett.3c01258 |
| [41] | Cortes, F. R. U. et al. A review on pulsed laser-based synthesis of carbon and graphene quantum dots in liquids: from fundamentals, chemistry to bio applications and beyond. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 129, 10378-10414 (2025). doi: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.5c01343 |
| [42] | Hu, Y. P. et al. Ethanol in aqueous hydrogen peroxide solution: hydrothermal synthesis of highly photoluminescent carbon dots as multifunctional nanosensors. Carbon 93, 999-1007 (2015). doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2015.06.018 |
| [43] | Wang, C. X. et al. A hydrothermal route to water-stable luminescent carbon dots as nanosensors for pH and temperature. Carbon 82, 87-95 (2015). doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2014.10.035 |
| [44] | Sharma, V. Tiwari, P & Mobin, S. M. Sustainable carbon-dots: recent advances in green carbon dots for sensing and bioimaging. Journal of Materials Chemistry B 5, 8904-8924 (2017). doi: 10.1039/c7tb02484c |
| [45] | Zhao, B. & Tan, Z. A. Fluorescent carbon dots: fantastic electroluminescent materials for light-emitting diodes. Advanced Science 8, 2001977 (2021). doi: 10.1002/advs.202001977 |
| [46] | Zu, F. L. et al. The quenching of the fluorescence of carbon dots: a review on mechanisms and applications. Microchimica Acta 184, 1899-1914 (2017). doi: 10.1007/s00604-017-2318-9 |
| [47] | Chen, Y. H. et al. A self-quenching-resistant carbon-dot powder with tunable solid-state fluorescence and construction of dual-fluorescence morphologies for white light-emission. Advanced Materials 28, 312-318 (2016). doi: 10.1002/adma.201503380 |
| [48] | Chen, J. et al. Red-emissive carbon dots for fingerprints detection by spray method: coffee ring effect and unquenched fluorescence in drying process. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 9, 18429-18433 (2017). doi: 10.1021/acsami.7b03917 |
| [49] | Zhou, D. et al. Conquering aggregation-induced solid-state luminescence quenching of carbon dots through a carbon dots-triggered silica gelation process. Chemistry of Materials 29, 1779-1787 (2017). doi: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.6b05375 |
| [50] | Pei, R. F. et al. Light on multi-mode optical properties of carbon dots through rational surface engineering tuning strategies. Chemical Engineering Journal 484, 149459 (2024). doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2024.149459 |
| [51] | Wang, H. et al. Photoluminescence enhancement of carbon dots induced by hybrids of photonic crystals and gold-silver alloy nanoparticles. Journal of Materials Chemistry C 6, 147-152 (2018). doi: 10.1039/c7tc04824f |
| [52] | Murphy, A. et al. Fabrication and optical properties of large-scale arrays of gold nanocavities based on rod-in-a-tube coaxials. Applied Physics Letters 102, 103103 (2013). doi: 10.1063/1.4794935 |
| [53] | Law, M. et al. Nanowire dye-sensitized solar cells. Nature Materials 4, 455-459 (2005). doi: 10.1038/nmat1387 |
| [54] | Kondratev, V. M. et al. Silicon nanowire-based room-temperature multi-environment ammonia detection. ACS Applied Nano Materials 5, 9940-9949 (2022). doi: 10.1021/acsanm.2c02178 |
| [55] | Kuznetsov, A. et al. In-plane directional MoS2 emitter employing dielectric nanowire cavity. Small Structures 6, 2400476 (2025). doi: 10.1002/sstr.202400476 |
| [56] | Quan, L. N. et al. Nanowires for photonics. Chemical Reviews 119, 9153-9169 (2019). doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00240 |
| [57] | Kuznetsov, A. et al. Elastic gallium phosphide nanowire optical waveguides—versatile subwavelength platform for integrated photonics. Small 19, 2301660 (2023). doi: 10.1002/smll.202301660 |
| [58] | Gridchin, V. O. et al. Selective area epitaxy of GaN nanowires on Si substrates using microsphere lithography: experiment and theory. Nanomaterials 12, 2341 (2022). doi: 10.3390/nano12142341 |
| [59] | Guo, W. et al. Catalyst-free InGaN/GaN nanowire light emitting diodes grown on (001) silicon by molecular beam epitaxy. Nano Letters 10, 3355-3359 (2010). doi: 10.1021/nl101027x |
| [60] | Anikina, M. A. et al. Numerical study of GaP nanowires: individual and coupled optical waveguides and resonant phenomena. Nanomaterials 13, 56 (2023). doi: 10.3390/nano13010056 |
| [61] | Kuznetsov, A. et al. Anisotropic radiation in heterostructured “emitter in a cavity” nanowire. Nanomaterials 12, 241 (2022). doi: 10.3390/nano12020241 |
| [62] | Kondratev, V. M. et al. Si nanowire-based schottky sensors for selective sensing of NH3 and HCl via impedance spectroscopy. ACS Applied Nano Materials 6, 11513-11523 (2023). doi: 10.1021/acsanm.3c01545 |
| [63] | Vyacheslavova, E. A. et al. Study of cryogenic unmasked etching of “black silicon” with Ar gas additives. ACS Omega 7, 6053-6057 (2022). doi: 10.1021/acsomega.1c06435 |
| [64] | Stepanova, M. et al. Carbon dot films with efficient interdot förster resonance energy transfer for optical coding by ultraviolet photooxidation. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 126, 10441-10448 (2022). doi: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.2c01736 |
| [65] | Nenashev, G. V. et al. Effect of carbon dots concentration on electrical and optical properties of their composites with a conducting polymer. Molecules 27, 8000 (2022). doi: 10.3390/molecules27228000 |
| [66] | Barhum, H. et al. Gilded vaterite particles: synthesis, optical characterization, and label-free imaging. Chemical Engineering Journal 497, 154714 (2024). doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2024.154714 |
| [67] | Tarsa, E. J. et al. Homoepitaxial growth of GaN under Ga-stable and N-stable conditions by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy. Journal of Applied Physics 82, 5472-5479 (1997). doi: 10.1063/1.365575 |
| [68] | Barhum, H. et al. Multicolor phenylenediamine carbon dots for metal-ion detection with picomolar sensitivity. ACS Applied Nano Materials 4, 9919-9931 (2021). doi: 10.1021/acsanm.1c02496 |
| [69] | Siampour, H. et al. Observation of large spontaneous emission rate enhancement of quantum dots in a broken-symmetry slow-light waveguide. npj Quantum Information 9, 15 (2013). doi: 10.1038/s41534-023-00686-9 |
| [70] | Schneider, P. I. et al. Numerical optimization of the extraction efficiency of a quantum-dot based single-photon emitter into a single-mode fiber. Optics Express 26, 8479-8492 (2018). doi: 10.1364/oe.26.008479 |
| [71] | Bertness, K. A. et al. Controlled nucleation of GaN nanowires grown with molecular beam epitaxy. Advanced Functional Materials 20, 2911-2915 (2010). doi: 10.1002/adfm.201000381 |
| [72] | Bolshakov, A. D. et al. Theoretical modeling of the self-catalyzed nanowire growth: nucleation- and adsorption-limited regimes. Materials Research Express 4, 125027 (2017). doi: 10.1088/2053-1591/aa9e9d |
| [73] | Ishizaka, A. & Shiraki, Y. Low temperature surface cleaning of silicon and its application to silicon MBE. Journal of The Electrochemical Society 133, 666 (1986). doi: 10.1149/1.2108651 |
| [74] | Kern, W. Evolution of silicon wafer cleaning technology. Journal of the Electrochemical Society 137, 1887 (1990). doi: 10.1149/1.2086825 |
| [75] | Fedorov, V. V. et al. Tailoring morphology and vertical yield of self-catalyzed gap nanowires on template-free Si substrates. Nanomaterials 11, 1949 (2021). doi: 10.3390/nano11081949 |
| [76] | Cansizoglu, H. et al. Investigation of physical vapor deposition techniques of conformal shell coating for core/shell structures by Monte Carlo simulations. Thin Solid Films 583, 122-128 (2015). doi: 10.1016/j.tsf.2015.03.071 |