[1] Briscoe, A. D. & Chittka, L. The evolution of color vision in insects. Annual Review of Entomology 46, 471-510 (2001).
[2] Kelber, A., Balkenius, A. & Warrant, E. J. Scotopic colour vision in nocturnal hawkmoths. Nature 419, 922-925 (2002). doi: 10.1038/nature01065
[3] Paterson, J. R. et al. Acute vision in the giant Cambrian predator Anomalocaris and the origin of compound eyes. Nature 480, 237-240 (2011). doi: 10.1038/nature10689
[4] Gao, X. et al. The dry-style antifogging properties of mosquito compound eyes and artificial analogues prepared by soft lithography. Advanced Materials 19, 2213-2217 (2007). doi: 10.1002/adma.200601946
[5] Kim, J. J. et al. Biologically inspired artificial eyes and photonics. Reports on Progress in Physics 83, 047101 (2020). doi: 10.1088/1361-6633/ab6a42
[6] Yong, J. L. et al. Mini-review on bioinspired superwetting microlens array and compound eye. Frontiers in Chemistry 8, 575786 (2020). doi: 10.3389/fchem.2020.575786
[7] Yu, N. F. & Capasso, F. Flat optics with designer metasurfaces. Nature Materials 13, 139-150 (2014). doi: 10.1038/nmat3839
[8] Zhou, J. X. et al. Kerr metasurface enabled by metallic quantum wells. Nano Letters 21, 330-336 (2021). doi: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c03723
[9] Xu, D. Y., Wen, S. C. & Luo, H. L. Metasurface-based optical analog computing: from fundamentals to applications. Advanced Devices & Instrumentation 2022, 0002 (2022). doi: 10.34133/adi.0002
[10] Chen, G. H. et al. Infrared color-sorting metasurfaces. Nanoscale 16, 14490-14497 (2024). doi: 10.1039/D4NR01891E
[11] Cui, T. J. et al. Roadmap on electromagnetic metamaterials and metasurfaces. Journal of Physics: Photonics 6, 032502 (2024). doi: 10.1088/2515-7647/ad1a3b
[12] Silva, A. et al. Performing mathematical operations with metamaterials. Science 343, 160-163 (2014). doi: 10.1126/science.1242818
[13] Zhou, J. X. et al. Optical edge detection based on high-efficiency dielectric metasurface. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 116, 11137-11140 (2019).
[14] Mohammadi Estakhri, N., Edwards, B. & Engheta, N. Inverse-designed metastructures that solve equations. Science 363, 1333-1338 (2019). doi: 10.1126/science.aaw2498
[15] Xu, D. Y. et al. Inverse design of Pancharatnam–Berry phase metasurfaces for all-optical image edge detection. Applied Physics Letters 120, 241101 (2022). doi: 10.1063/5.0090606
[16] Zhou, J. X. et al. Nonlinear computational edge detection metalens. Advanced Functional Materials 32, 2204734 (2022). doi: 10.1002/adfm.202204734
[17] Cordaro, A. et al. Solving integral equations in free space with inverse-designed ultrathin optical metagratings. Nature Nanotechnology 18, 365-372 (2023). doi: 10.1038/s41565-022-01297-9
[18] Xu, D. Y. et al. All-optical object identification and three-dimensional reconstruction based on optical computing metasurface. Opto-Electronic Advances 6, 230120 (2023). doi: 10.29026/oea.2023.230120
[19] Zhou, J. X. et al. Fourier optical spin splitting microscopy. Physical Review Letters 129, 020801 (2022). doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.129.020801
[20] Wu, Q. Y. et al. Single-shot quantitative amplitude and phase imaging based on a pair of all-dielectric metasurfaces. Optica 10, 619-625 (2023). doi: 10.1364/OPTICA.483366
[21] Zhou, J. X. et al. Eagle-eye inspired meta-device for phase imaging. Advanced Materials 36, 2402751 (2024). doi: 10.1002/adma.202402751
[22] Li, L. et al. Single-shot deterministic complex amplitude imaging with a single-layer metalens. Science Advances 10, eadl0501 (2024). doi: 10.1126/sciadv.adl0501
[23] Zhou, J. X. et al. Advanced quantitative phase microscopy achieved with spatial multiplexing and a metasurface. Nano Letters 25, 2034-2040 (2025). doi: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c06039
[24] Huang, L. L. et al. Broadband hybrid holographic multiplexing with geometric metasurfaces. Advanced Materials 27, 6444-6449 (2015). doi: 10.1002/adma.201502541
[25] Huang, Y. W. et al. Aluminum plasmonic multicolor meta-hologram. Nano Letters 15, 3122-3127 (2015). doi: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b00184
[26] Li, X. et al. Multicolor 3D meta-holography by broadband plasmonic modulation. Science Advances 2, e1601102 (2016). doi: 10.1126/sciadv.1601102
[27] Beijersbergen, M. W. et al. Helical-wavefront laser beams produced with a spiral phaseplate. Optics Communications 112, 321-327 (1994). doi: 10.1016/0030-4018(94)90638-6
[28] Hell, S. W. & Wichmann, J. Breaking the diffraction resolution limit by stimulated emission: stimulated-emission-depletion fluorescence microscopy. Optics Letters 19, 780-782 (1994). doi: 10.1364/OL.19.000780
[29] Simpson, N. B. et al. Mechanical equivalence of spin and orbital angular momentum of light: an optical spanner. Optics Letters 22, 52-54 (1997). doi: 10.1364/OL.22.000052
[30] Klar, T. A. et al. Fluorescence microscopy with diffraction resolution barrier broken by stimulated emission. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 97, 8206-8210 (2000). doi: 10.1073/pnas.97.15.8206
[31] Wang, J. et al. Terabit free-space data transmission employing orbital angular momentum multiplexing. Nature Photonics 6, 488-496 (2012). doi: 10.1038/nphoton.2012.138
[32] Khorasaninejad, M. & Capasso, F. Metalenses: versatile multifunctional photonic components. Science 358, eaam8100 (2017). doi: 10.1126/science.aam8100
[33] Wang, S. M. et al. A broadband achromatic metalens in the visible. Nature Nanotechnology 13, 227-232 (2018). doi: 10.1038/s41565-017-0052-4
[34] Lin, R. J. et al. Achromatic metalens array for full-colour light-field imaging. Nature Nanotechnology 14, 227-231 (2019). doi: 10.1038/s41565-018-0347-0
[35] Chen, W. T. et al. A broadband achromatic polarization-insensitive metalens consisting of anisotropic nanostructures. Nature Communications 10, 355 (2019). doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-08305-y
[36] Chen, J. et al. Planar wide-angle-imaging camera enabled by metalens array. Optica 9, 431-437 (2022). doi: 10.1364/OPTICA.446063
[37] Leng, B. R. et al. Meta-device: advanced manufacturing. Light: Advanced Manufacturing 5, 5 (2024).
[38] Seong, J. et al. Cost-effective and environmentally friendly mass manufacturing of optical metasurfaces towards practical applications and commercialization. International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing-Green Technology 11, 685-706 (2024). doi: 10.1007/s40684-023-00580-x
[39] Schift, H. Nanoimprint lithography: an old story in modern times? A review. Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B 26, 458-480 (2008). doi: 10.1116/1.2890972
[40] Lucas, B. D. et al. Nanoimprint lithography based approach for the fabrication of large-area, uniformly-oriented plasmonic arrays. Advanced Materials 20, 1129-1134 (2008). doi: 10.1002/adma.200700225
[41] Choi, H. et al. Realization of high aspect ratio metalenses by facile nanoimprint lithography using water-soluble stamps. PhotoniX 4, 18 (2023). doi: 10.1186/s43074-023-00096-2
[42] Kim, J. et al. Scalable manufacturing of high-index atomic layer-polymer hybrid metasurfaces for metaphotonics in the visible. Nature Materials 22, 474-481 (2023). doi: 10.1038/s41563-023-01485-5
[43] Chou, S. Y., Krauss, P. R. & Renstrom, P. J. Nanoimprint lithography. Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B 14, 4129-4133 (1996). doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-34428-2_6
[44] Wang, J. & Kostal, H. Diffractive optics: nanoimprint lithography enables fabrication of subwavelength optics. Laser Focus World 41, 76-81 (2005).
[45] Rowland, H. D. et al. Impact of polymer film thickness and cavity size on polymer flow during embossing: toward process design rules for nanoimprint lithography. Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering 15, 2414-2425 (2005). doi: 10.1088/0960-1317/15/12/025
[46] Wang, L. et al. Plasmonic nano-printing: large-area nanoscale energy deposition for efficient surface texturing. Light: Science & Applications 6, e17112 (2017).
[47] Sun, H. Nanoimprint technology (in Chinese). Publishing House of Electronics Industry (2011).
[48] Miyauchi, A. Nanoimprinting and Its Applications. (Boca Raton: Jenny Stanford Publishing, 2019).
[49] Viechineski, F. N. et al. Preparation of transparent hydrophobic polymeric films spray-deposited on substrates. Surface Engineering 34, 121-127 (2018). doi: 10.1080/02670844.2016.1209623
[50] Ellinas, K. et al. A review of fabrication methods, properties and applications of superhydrophobic metals. Processes 9, 666 (2021). doi: 10.3390/pr9040666
[51] Poddighe, M. & Innocenzi, P. Hydrophobic thin films from sol–gel processing: a critical review. Materials 14, 6799 (2021). doi: 10.3390/ma14226799
[52] Song, Y. Y. et al. Mosquito eyes inspired surfaces with robust antireflectivity and superhydrophobicity. Surface and Coatings Technology 316, 85-92 (2017). doi: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2017.03.010
[53] Wang, Y. B. et al. Mosquito's compound eyes as inspiration for fabrication of conductive superhydrophobic nanocarbon materials from waste wheat straw. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 7, 3883-3894 (2019). doi: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b04906
[54] Liu, J. et al. A mosquito-eye-like superhydrophobic coating with super robustness against abrasion. Materials & Design 203, 109552 (2021). doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2021.109552
[55] Bello, E., Chen, Y. T. & Alleyne, M. Staying dry and clean: an insect's guide to hydrophobicity. Insects 14, 42 (2023). doi: 10.3390/insects14010042
[56] Qian, L. et al. What happens when chitin becomes chitosan? A single-molecule study. RSC Advances 13, 2294-2300 (2023). doi: 10.1039/D2RA07303J
[57] Moulder, J. F. et al. Handbook of X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy. (Eden Prairie: Perkin-Elmer Corporation, 1992).
[58] Zhangyang, J. H. et al. Synthesis and properties of silicone-modified polyurethane acrylate for magnetically driven blue light photocurable superhydrophobic coatings. The Journal of The Textile Institute 116, 1521-1533 (2025). doi: 10.1080/00405000.2024.2386729
[59] Johnson, K. L., Kendall, K. & Roberts, A. D. Surface energy and the contact of elastic solids. Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 324, 301-313 (1971).
[60] Deegan, R. D. et al. Capillary flow as the cause of ring stains from dried liquid drops. Nature 389, 827-829 (1997). doi: 10.1038/39827