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Published
, Published online: 10 October 2026
, doi: 10.37188/lam.2026.097
Recent advancements in smart manufacturing demand wireless power transfer (WPT) systems with dynamic adaptability and miniaturised receivers; however, existing solutions suffer from narrow operational bandwidths and inflexible spatial energy distributions. In this paper, we present a digital metasurface-driven WPT platform that synergises surface plasmon-enhanced coupling with advanced low-temperature cofired ceramic (LTCC) microfabrication. The meta-atom is designed with a wideband configuration and optimised via the magnetoelectric dipole coupling theory. This can enable 180° ± 5° phase modulation over a 22% fractional bandwidth (5.0–6.25 GHz) and achieve adaptive impedance matching under varying load conditions. A multi-target WPT system is further demonstrated by integrating a digital metasurface, dynamically controlled in real time via a field-programmable gate array, as the energy source, and employing rectennas as receivers corresponding to multiple target positions. The system enables the dynamic shaping of the electromagnetic energy distribution through beam reconfiguration, thus achieving highly directional pencil beams with millisecond-level reconfigurability. The LTCC-based rectenna, leveraging multilayer plasmonic ceramic structures, can attain an RF-to-DC efficiency of 70.5% at 5.8 GHz within an 18 mm × 18 mm footprint. Thus, it resolves the efficiency degradation in miniaturised receivers. Experimental results demonstrate that, compared with static metasurface schemes, the proposed system can dynamically switch beam angles and the number of targets in real time, significantly enhancing the spatial energy coverage while maintaining full compatibility with 5G NR standards. This system may pioneer a manufacturing-compatible framework for intelligent metasurface-enabled WPT systems in Internet of Things (IoT) applications.
Published
, Published online: 10 October 2026
, doi: 10.37188/lam.2026.110
The continuously increasing demands for high-precision, scalable nanofabrication capabilities motivate the advent of direct-write technologies complementing advanced lithography. Here, we introduce a parallel photonic nanojet (PNJ)-based strategy using microsphere assemblies and angularly scanned, actively tuned femtosecond laser irradiation. By using 5 µm polymer microspheres and 1,030 nm pulses, we generate sub-500 nm PNJs, enabling spatially programmable, ultra-high-density subwavelength patterning on silicon via controlled incidence angles. A key innovation lies in the compensatory laser parameter adjustments, a necessary prerequisite to maintain uniform feature sizes during automated scanning, thus achieving arbitrary nanoscale patterns with a 5 µm pitch. Scalability analysis reveals that mJ-class lasers could parallelize this process across large-area microsphere arrays, producing millions of nanoscale features simultaneously. This approach holds promise for high-throughput, flexible new manufacturing solutions.
Published
, Published online: 30 September 2026
, doi: 10.37188/lam.2026.127
Optical coherence elastography (OCE) is a non-invasive imaging technique for high-resolution assessment of both tissue elasticity and viscoelasticity. Mechanical characterization enhances biomedical imaging by providing functional insights into tissue health beyond structural information alone. Accurate viscoelastic characterization requires estimating shear wave speed (SWS) across multiple frequencies, as dispersion induces frequency-dependent variations in wave speed. In this paper, we introduce a single-shot multi-frequency reverberant OCE (MFR-OCE) approach to enable reliable viscoelastic characterization by simultaneously capturing shear wave dynamics across multiple frequencies. We present the theoretical framework, experimental setup, and validation of MFR-OCE through simulations and experiments on homogeneous gelatin phantoms and one with an inclusion, ex vivo porcine corneas, and ex vivo bovine liver. Simulation results demonstrate that MFR-OCE estimates SWS with errors below 4% compared to ground truth. Phantom experiments show that MFR-OCE and single-frequency OCE yield closely matching SWS estimates, with differences below 3%. Furthermore, frequency-dependent dispersion coefficients observed in both biological tissues and phantoms align with the theoretical viscoelastic power-law model. The gelatin phantoms exhibit a low viscoelastic behavior with a power-law exponent of 0.13, while porcine corneas demonstrate intermediate viscoelastic behavior, with a power-law exponent of 0.33. The bovine liver shows significant frequency dependence, with a power-law exponent of 0.51. These findings demonstrate that MFR-OCE enables comprehensive viscoelastic characterization and is envisioned to provide a foundation for future development of clinically oriented OCE systems.
Published
, Published online: 03 June 2026
, doi: 10.37188/lam.2026.034
With the rapid growth of extended-reality (XR) devices, simultaneously achieving long optical path length and miniaturization has become a central challenge in optical system design. One promising approach is to employ optical designs that utilize multiple internal reflections in a prism to extend the path length within a compact volume. The prisms targeted in this study are polyhedral elements composed of three or more optical surfaces including freeform surfaces, in which two lateral faces are mutually parallel. A representative example is a triangular prism whose optical faces are replaced by freeform surfaces. Because such prisms contain multiple reflecting faces, their inter-surface positional relationships must be formed and maintained with high accuracy; consequently, metrology capable of precise evaluation of face-to-face position is indispensable for production. Since 2002, Panasonic has introduced to the market inter-surface misalignment evaluation of lens surfaces using the ultra-high-accuracy three-dimensional profilometer UA3P, contributing to higher-precision camera modules. Building on that platform, the present work develops a new measurement method that extends the UA3P system to prisms with multiple reflecting faces, enabling spatial registration to be evaluated with an accuracy of 0.2–0.3 µm. The developed system shows strong correlation with existing methods and validated repeatability, demonstrating its suitability for high-precision manufacturing and quality assurance of optical elements, including prisms for XR devices.
Published
, Published online: 19 August 2026
, doi: 10.37188/lam.2026.103
Micro-light-emitting diode (micro-LED) displays are prime candidates for near-eye displays, where increasing the panel diagonal at a fixed pixel density is essential to expand the field of view. However, scaling the active area while maintaining luminance homogeneity presents a challenge, primarily due to the pixel-to-pixel current variation in CMOS driven and process-induced non-uniformities in LED arrays. Here we address this trade-off by combining per-pixel current regulation with an optimized fabrication flow in a heterogeneous integration strategy that couples green GaN-based micro-LED with a custom Si CMOS backplane via wafer bonding. The resulting 0.99-inch prototype (1,472 × 1,104 pixels, 14 µm pitch, 1,814 PPI) exhibits >90% brightness uniformity across the active area, peak luminance exceeding 20,000 cd·m−2, a wide viewing angle (>120°), and excellent electrical consistency. These results demonstrate that our heterogeneous integration approach can chart a path toward larger, uniform, and power-efficient micro-displays.
Published
, Published online: 18 August 2026
, doi: 10.37188/lam.2026.091
Micrometre-sized quantum-dot light-emitting diodes (Micro-QLEDs) have been successfully demonstrated as a promising technology for augmented reality (AR) microdisplay applications. To facilitate industrial applications, we developed a two-inch wafer-scale fabrication process for Micro-QLEDs, including the fabrication of a photolithography template, spin-coating fabrication of a QLED, and dicing of a 2-inch wafer into 0.46-inch Micro-QLED panels. Considering the challenge posed by the limited droplet spreading of quantum dots during spin-coating fabrication, we introduced a binary solvent of hexane and octane to achieve a wafer-scale spreading area. In situ high-speed microscopic observations revealed the critical role of Marangoni flow in determining the dynamics of a three-phase contact line. We further designed a 2-inch wafer-scale fabrication process for Micro-QLEDs with an active emitting area of 1,600 mm2, which provides fifteen microdisplay panels with a 0.46-inch Micro-QLED per wafer, achieving a resolution of 2,510 pixels per inch (a pixel size range of 4–50 μm). In addition, the red, green, and blue Micro-QLED wafers had high external quantum efficiencies of 22.8%, 20.8%, and 1.4%, respectively. The 2-inch wafer-scale fabrication process for Micro-QLEDs provides a feasible method for the industrialisation of Micro-QLED technology.
Published
, Published online: 05 August 2026
, doi: 10.37188/lam.2026.102
Traditional frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) light detection and ranging (LiDAR) is primarily used for high-precision distance measurements in free space. In this paper, a multifunctional FMCW LiDAR capable of high-precision ranging and multi-parameter sensing is proposed. By detecting echo signals from both free space and optical fibres, 3D imaging and the measurements of diverse physical parameters, including environmental temperature, gas concentrations, and liquid density, can be measured simultaneously. In an experiment, a target at 30 m was imaged with an adjustable resolution spanning 0.3–1.2 cm. Meanwhile, the electrolyte density and temperature of a battery were measured with accuracies of 3×10−5 g/mL and 0.5 °C, respectively. The concentrations of the gases (C2H2, CO2, and CH4), which are critical for monitoring thermal runaway of a battery, were measured with detection limits of 0.07, 48, and 0.56 ppm, respectively. The proposed multifunctional LiDAR exhibits significant application potential in fields such as new-energy vehicles and spacecraft.
Published
, Published online: 13 August 2026
, doi: 10.37188/lam.2026.093
Precisely separating full-band surface errors is a cornerstone of high-performance optical manufacturing and testing. However, traditional methods rely on subjective frequency band definitions and manual filtering, which leads to inconsistent evaluation standards and introduces analysis errors. Meanwhile, existing data-driven methods mechanically fit noisy manual labels, lacking physical consistency. To address this issue, this paper presents a scale-adaptive physics-aware deep learning framework powered by a dual-domain physics-aware network, which extracts error features by imposing physical constraints in the frequency domain: a specifically shaped spectral domain selective attention mechanism is designed for a low-frequency error with a deterministic spectral envelope; an adaptive learnable spectral gating is designed for mid-frequency error with randomness and anisotropy. Experiments indicate that this network outperforms conventional models under adopted evaluation metrics and exhibits physics-constrained extraction behaviour. This helps mitigate measurement noise and subjective variability introduced by manual filtering, yielding results with improved spectral and physical consistency. Furthermore, it eliminates the reliance on high-performance computing hardware, thereby enabling millisecond-level real-time inference on a standard computer, which greatly facilitates practical engineering deployment. Based on these findings, this study proposes a generalised frequency band division method based on normalised spatial frequency, providing a normalised-frequency-based method for a more consistent cross-scale and cross-instrument frequency band error division.
Design-for-manufacture, fabrication, and assembly of an all-reflective freeform microscope objective
Published
, Published online: 13 August 2026
, doi: 10.37188/lam.2026.113
All-reflective microscope objectives offer distinct advantages for microscopy techniques that operate across widely separated spectral bands. However, designing a high numerical-aperture (NA), unobscured, all-reflective objective that is manufacturable remains a substantial challenge, requiring early integration of fabrication considerations into the optical design process. In this work, we present design-for-manufacture strategies for a 0.65-NA unobscured all-reflective microscope objective enabled by freeform optics. These strategies include minimizing freeform departures, desensitization optimization, and a stray-light analysis. Concepts for mounting and assembly are also introduced and implemented, culminating in the successful fabrication and imaging demonstration of the first system of its kind.
Published
, Published online: 06 August 2026
, doi: 10.37188/lam.2026.087
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